流感和流感疫苗
Introduction
The flu 是一种影响鼻子、喉咙和肺部的呼吸系统疾病吗. A型、B型或C型流感病毒会引起流感. 流感传染性很强. Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, cough, and a lack of energy. 流感通常持续一两个星期. 严重的流感病例可能需要住院治疗,并可能致命. 流感可以用疫苗预防.Anatomy
The flu 会影响你的上呼吸道和肺部吗. 上呼吸道系统包括耳朵、鼻子和喉咙. A mucus membrane lines your nose and secretes mucus that filters germs and dust when you breathe. Your sinuses are behind your nose and in the bones of your head and face. 鼻窦里充满了空气,也有一层粘液膜. 肺是下呼吸道的一部分.Causes
流感传染性很强; meaning it can pass quite easily from one person to another. The flu develops when the influenza virus comes in contact with the lining inside of the nose. 流感病毒在温暖潮湿的环境中繁殖. The flu typically begins in the nose and throat and can spread into the lungs.流感病毒很容易在人与人之间传播. When a person sneezes or coughs, mucus drops containing the virus float in the air. 你可能因吸入病毒而感染流感. The flu is also transmitted by hand to hand contact or by touching a surface that the virus is on and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Symptoms
流感可能会有严重的危及生命的并发症. 严重的流感可引起肺炎. People in high-risk groups are the most vulnerable for serious complications. 高风险人群包括65岁以上的人; residents in facilities, 比如养老院; 孕妇; and infants. People with certain medical conditions have a high risk for medical complications. Such medical conditions include HIV or AIDS, diabetes, and chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
勤洗手可以预防流感. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth when you are around people that have the flu. Disinfect shared surfaces, such as telephones, keyboards, counter tops, doorknobs, and facet handles. 使用一次性纸巾,而不是共用的织物毛巾. You can also wear gloves during the winter and when on public transportation.
You can avoid spreading the flu by staying away from people while you are contagious. 对着一次性手帕咳嗽或打喷嚏. 经常洗手,特别是在咳嗽和打喷嚏之后.
流感疫苗是预防流感的最好方法. A flu shot is made of an inactive virus and is protective against influenza type A and B. A nasal mist vaccine made of a live, weakened virus is delivered through the nose. It helps the cells in the lining of the nose fight off the influenza virus. 你不会因为注射流感疫苗而得流感.
Flu shots are usually given at the beginning of the flu season during the months of October and November. It is recommended that people in high-risk groups receive flu shots in September. The vaccine reduces the risk of influenza-related death for people in high-risk groups.
流感疫苗的有效率约为70-90%. It is recommended that children and 孕妇 receive mercury-free vaccines. You should check with your doctor to see if you or your children are candidates for the flu vaccine.
Am I at Risk
流感具有高度传染性,很容易传播. A person is the most contagious from the day before they develop symptoms to seven days afterwards. The influenza virus floats in the air whenever a person with the flu coughs or sneezes. 当你呼吸时,你可以通过吸入病毒而感染病毒. You can also catch the virus by hand to hand contact with a person that has the flu or by touching a surface with the virus on it and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. Your risk of catching the flu increases with the more people you are exposed to, 比如在工作中, school, or church. 你接触的物体表面越多,患病风险就越大, 比如键盘, telephones, 餐具, grocery carts, 还有公共交通栏杆.
流感发病率在冬季增加. 这可能是几个因素共同作用的结果. 首先,当天气寒冷或下雨时,更多的人聚集在室内. 流感病毒可以在湿度较低的室内存活更长时间. 此外,病毒可以在室内空气中悬浮更长时间.
A型和B型流感可引起流感流行. 流行病是指在一个地理区域内广泛爆发的疾病. 流感流行可能导致学校或工作场所关闭. Influenza can also cause pandemics, which are outbreaks over large geographical areas. C型流感通常与大范围暴发无关.
甲型流感有几个亚型. A型流感可以变异和改变. This is why new preventative flu shots are created each year to combat the latest version of the virus.
Complications
People in high-risk groups are the most vulnerable for serious complications. 高风险人群包括65岁以上的人, 孕妇, infants, 设施里的居民, 比如养老院. People with certain medical conditions have a high risk for medical complications. Such medical conditions include HIV or AIDS, diabetes, and chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease. 建议高危人群注射流感疫苗. In some cases, people in high-risk groups receive anti-viral medications during the flu season to assist their immune systems.
流感可能会有严重的危及生命的并发症. 严重的流感可引起肺炎. You should contact your doctor if you are in a high-risk group and contact the flu or if you show signs of complications from the flu. Signs of serious complications from the flu include shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, 咳血, turning blue, 增加热, 脱水或不能喝液体, 症状延长或改善后症状复发.
Advancements
The present flu vaccinations are not related to the vaccines used in 1976 for the Swine Flu. The Swine Flu vaccine was discontinued after it was associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), 一种麻痹. Recent flu vaccines do not carry a risk of GBS in children and only have a slight risk of GBS for adults.
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的iHealthSpot 患者教育图书馆 was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. 玛丽·卡-布兰查德,OTD/OTR/L和瓦莱丽·K. 克拉克和以下编辑顾问:史蒂夫梅多斯,医学博士,厄尼F. 索托,DDS,罗纳德·J. 格雷泽,医学博士,乔纳森·罗森博格,医学博士,克里斯托弗·M. 诺尔特医学博士,大卫·阿普尔鲍姆医学博士,乔纳森·M. Tarrash, MD,和Paula Soto, RN/BSN. 此内容遵循 可信赖的健康信息HONcode标准. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on 2022年2月16日. 有关iHealthSpot其他服务的信息,包括 医疗网站设计, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.